Survey of India states + LGD/Bharatmaps districts (DataMeet / ramSeraph mirror)fetched 9 Nov, 08:47 IST · fetch 44144
Near-infrared darkened (dB8A)
0.232
Short-wave infrared 1 darkened (dB11)
0.214
Short-wave infrared 2 darkened (dB12)
0.101
Burned-area index after (BAIS2)
0.98
Brightness after
0.25
Greenness before, after (NDVI)
0.36, 0.15
Burn ratio change (dNBR), NBR after
0.31, −0.24
The detection rule
Sentinel-2 L2A, cropland only: NIR and SWIR darkened since the previous clear pass (dB8A>0.07, dB11>0.07, dB12>0.03) and the field now looks charred (BAIS2>=0.78, brightness<=0.34); passes at most 6 days apart; clusters of at least 0.52 ha whose mean post-burn NBR is below 0.0 (drops flooded fields and cloud shadows). Candidates: tillage can look similar.
When a burn counts as unseen
unseen = no FIRMS detection within max(1 km, pixel half-diagonal + 200 m) of the scar between the clear pass before it and 3 h after the pass that shows it
Known look-alikes: cloud and smoke-plume shadows in partly cloudy passes and flooded fields with mean post NBR just below 0 still pass, often with high confidence; tillage of wet soil can mimic char; a hazy pre pass can exaggerate the darkening.
Weather between the passes
Open-Meteo best-match model, 30 of 30 hours
Afternoon wind, mean9 km/h
Afternoon mixing height, mean624 m
Rain in the window0.0 mm
Wind at 10 m, km/hMixing height, m
Arrows point where the wind blew. A low mixing height keeps smoke near the ground.
Sentinel-2 scenesS2A_T43REN_20261104T055022_L2A and S2B_T43REN_20261107T054750_L2A
Candidate unseen burns as a whole: audit precision 87% (95% CI 68%–96%, n = 23), checked by eye.
How often this rule is right: when people checked a random sample of candidate unseen burns by eye, the audit precision was 87% (95% CI 68%–96%, n = 23).
